Nature Climate Change, Published online: 28 September 2020; doi:10.1038/s41558-020-00918-2
Seawater properties—temperature, salinity and density—cause stratification of the water column, limiting vertical exchange. Considering down to 2,000 m, ocean stratification is shown to have increased ~5.3% since 1960, with ~71% of the change occurring in the upper 200 m primarily from warming.
