Effectiveness of state climate and energy policies in reducing power-sector CO2 emissions

  • 1.

    Friedrich, J. and T. Damassa. The History of Carbon Dioxide Emissions (World Resources Institute, last modified 21 May 2014, accessed 5 April 2017); http://www.wri.org/blog/2014/05/history-carbon-dioxide-emissions

  • 2.

    Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2015, accessed 8 September 2017); https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions

  • 3.

    Rabe, B. G. Statehouse and Greenhouse: The Emerging Politics of American Climate Change Policy (Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC, 2004).

  • 4.

    Goulder, L. & Stavins, R. Challenges from state-federal interactions in US climate change policy. Am. Econ. Rev. 101, 253–257 (2011); http://www.jstor.org/stable/29783749 retrieved from.

  • 5.

    Grant, D., Bergstrand, K. & Running, K. Effectiveness of US state policies in reducing CO2 emissions from power plants. Nat. Clim. Change 4, 977–982 (2014).

  • 6.

    Climate Change 101: State Action. Climate Change101: Understanding and Responding to Global Climate Change (Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, 2011).

  • 7.

    Wheeler, S. State and municipal climate action plans: The first generation. J. Am. Plann. Assoc. 74, 481–496 (2008).

  • 8.

    Yin, H. & Powers, N. Do state renewable portfolio standards promote in-state renewable generation? Energy Policy 38, 1140–1149 (2010).

  • 9.

    Carley, S. State renewable energy electricity policies: An empirical evaluation of effectiveness. Energy Policy 37, 3071–3081 (2009).

  • 10.

    Michaels, R. J. National renewable portfolio standard: Smart policy or misguided gesture? Energy Law J. 29, 79–119 (2008).

  • 11.

    Delmas, M. A. & Montes-Sancho, M. J. U.S. state policies for renewable energy: context and effectiveness. Energy Policy 39, 2273–2288 (2011).

  • 12.

    Menz, F. C. & Vachon, S. The effectiveness of different policy regimes for promoting wind power: experiences from the states. Energy Policy 34, 1786–1796 (2006).

  • 13.

    Shrimali, G. & Kniefel, J. Are government policies effective in promoting deployment of renewable electricity resources? Energy Policy 39, 4726–4741 (2011).

  • 14.

    Drummond, W. J. Statehouse versus greenhouse. J. Am. Plann. Assoc. 76, 413–433 (2010).

  • 15.

    Climate Policy Maps (C2ES, 2016, last modified September 2016; accessed 5 April 2017; https://www.c2es.org/us-states-regions/policy-maps/emissions-targets

  • 16.

    Prasad, M. & Munch, S. State-level renewable electricity policies and reductions in carbon emissions. Energy Policy 45, 237–242 (2012).

  • 17.

    Lyon, J. W. M. Environmental public voluntary programs reconsidered. Policy Stud. J. 35, 723–750 (2007).

  • 18.

    Matisoff, D. Sources of specification errors in the assessment of voluntary environmental programs: understanding program impacts. Policy Sci. 48, 109–126 (2014).

  • 19.

    Pigou, A. C. The Economics of Welfare. (Macmillan and Co., London, 1920).

  • 20.

    Montgomery, W. D. Markets in licenses and efficient pollution control programs. J. Econ. Theory 5, 395–418 (1972).

  • 21.

    Stavins, R. N. What can we learn from the grand policy experiment? Lessons from SO2 allowance trading. J. Econ. Perspect. 12, 69–88 (1998).

  • 22.

    Goulder, L. H. & Parry, I. W. H. Instrument choice in environmental policy. Rev. Environ. Econ. Policy 2, 152–174 (2008).

  • 23.

    Multi-State Climate Initiatives (C2ES, 2017, accessed 5 April 2017; https://www.c2es.org/us-states-regions/regional-climate-initiatives

  • 24.

    State CO 2Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion, 1990-2014 (U.S. EPA, 2016, accessed 5 April 2017; https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-07/documents/co2ffc_2014.pdf

  • 25.

    Morey, M. J. & Kirsch, L. D. Retail Choice in Electricity: What have we Learned in 20 Years? (EMRF, 2016); https://sites.hks.harvard.edu/hepg/Papers/2016/Retail%20Choice%20in%20Electricity%20for%20EMRF%20Final.pdf

  • 26.

    State Carbon Dioxide Emissions (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2016, accessed 5 April 2017; https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/state/

  • 27.

    Kaya, Y. Impact of Carbon Dioxide Emission Control on GNP Growth: Interpretation of Proposed Scenarios (IPCC, 1990).

  • 28.

    Nakicenovic, N. & Swart, R. (eds.) in Special Report on Emissions Scenarios Ch. 3 (IPCC, 2000).

  • 29.

    Public Benefit Funds (C2ES, 2014, last modified 2014, accessed 5 April 2017; https://www.c2es.org/us-states-regions/policy-maps/public-benefit-funds

  • 30.

    Kim, S. E., Yang, J. & Urpelainen, J. Does power sector deregulation promote or discourage renewable energy policy? Evidence from the states, 1991–2012. Rev. Policy Res. 33, 22–50 (2016).

  • 31.

    Net Generation by State by Type of Energy Producer by Energy Source. (U.S. EIA, 2016, accessed 8 August 2017; https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/state/

  • 32.

    Kaya, K. Y. Environment, Energy, and Economy: Strategies for Sustainability (United Nations University Press, New York, 1997).

  • 33.

    Rosa, E. A. & Dietz, T. Human drivers of national greenhouse-gas emissions. Nat. Clim. Change 2, 581–586 (2012).

  • 34.

    Lyon, T. P. & Yin, H. Why do states adopt renewable portfolio standards? An empirical investigation. Energy J. 3, 133–157 (2010).